Innovation Ecosystems vs. Innovation Systems in Terms of Collaboration and Co-creation of Value

In this paper, we explore the relevance of the term “innovation ecosystem” to describe dynamic collaborative networks of people and organizations formed around projects with an innovation objective. We present a survey of literature reviews on ecosystems studies to clarify typical features and interpretations of innovation ecosystems, and we highlight differences in terms of collaboration and value co-creation. We explore ecosystem thinking and illustrate patterns of innovation ecosystems by describing the structure of regional clusters, global value chains and platforms. We offer policy insights on the role of governments in stimulating innovation ecosystems and innovationconducive environments.